Numbers 31

Passage overview

Deuteronomy 31 contains Moses' final instructions, the commissioning of Joshua, the command for regular public reading of the law, and preparation for the song that will bear witness to Israel. The chapter marks a transition from Moses' leadership to Joshua's leadership while emphasizing the continuing authority of God's word.

1verseThe LORD spoke to Moses, saying,

2verse“Avenge the children of Israel on the Midianites. Afterward you shall be gathered to your people.”

3verseMoses spoke to the people, saying, “Arm men from among you for war, that they may go against Midian, to execute the LORD’s vengeance on Midian.

4verseYou shall send one thousand out of every tribe, throughout all the tribes of Israel, to the war.”

5verseSo there were delivered, out of the thousands of Israel, a thousand from every tribe, twelve thousand armed for war.

6verseMoses sent them, one thousand of every tribe, to the war with Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, to the war, with the vessels of the sanctuary and the trumpets for the alarm in his hand.

7verseThey fought against Midian, as the LORD commanded Moses. They killed every male.

8verseThey killed the kings of Midian with the rest of their slain: Evi, Rekem, Zur, Hur, and Reba, the five kings of Midian. They also killed Balaam the son of Beor with the sword.

9verseThe children of Israel took the women of Midian captive with their little ones; and all their livestock, all their flocks, and all their goods, they took as plunder.

10verseAll their cities in the places in which they lived, and all their encampments, they burned with fire.

11verseThey took all the captives, and all the plunder, both of man and of animal.

12verseThey brought the captives with the prey and the plunder, to Moses, and to Eleazar the priest, and to the congregation of the children of Israel, to the camp at the plains of Moab, which are by the Jordan at Jericho.

13verseMoses and Eleazar the priest, with all the princes of the congregation, went out to meet them outside of the camp.

14verseMoses was angry with the officers of the army, the captains of thousands and the captains of hundreds, who came from the service of the war.

15verseMoses said to them, “Have you saved all the women alive?

16verseBehold, these caused the children of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against the LORD in the matter of Peor, and so the plague was among the congregation of the LORD.

17verseNow therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman who has known man by lying with him.

18verseBut all the girls, who have not known man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves.

19verse“Encamp outside of the camp for seven days. Whoever has killed any person, and whoever has touched any slain, purify yourselves on the third day and on the seventh day, you and your captives.

20verseYou shall purify every garment, and all that is made of skin, and all work of goats’ hair, and all things made of wood.”

21verseEleazar the priest said to the men of war who went to the battle, “This is the statute of the law which the LORD has commanded Moses.

22verseHowever the gold, and the silver, the bronze, the iron, the tin, and the lead,

23verseeverything that may withstand the fire, you shall make to go through the fire, and it shall be clean; nevertheless it shall be purified with the water for impurity. All that doesn’t withstand the fire you shall make to go through the water.

24verseYou shall wash your clothes on the seventh day, and you shall be clean. Afterward you shall come into the camp.”

25verseThe LORD spoke to Moses, saying,

26verse“Count the plunder that was taken, both of man and of animal, you, and Eleazar the priest, and the heads of the fathers’ households of the congregation;

27verseand divide the plunder into two parts: between the men skilled in war, who went out to battle, and all the congregation.

28verseLevy a tribute to the LORD of the men of war who went out to battle: one soul of five hundred; of the persons, of the cattle, of the donkeys, and of the flocks.

29verseTake it from their half, and give it to Eleazar the priest, for the LORD’s wave offering.

30verseOf the children of Israel’s half, you shall take one drawn out of every fifty, of the persons, of the cattle, of the donkeys, and of the flocks, of all the livestock, and give them to the Levites, who perform the duty of the LORD’s tabernacle.”

31verseMoses and Eleazar the priest did as the LORD commanded Moses.

32verseNow the plunder, over and above the booty which the men of war took, was six hundred seventy-five thousand sheep,

33verseseventy-two thousand head of cattle,

34versesixty-one thousand donkeys,

35verseand thirty-two thousand persons in all, of the women who had not known man by lying with him.

36verseThe half, which was the portion of those who went out to war, was in number three hundred thirty-seven thousand five hundred sheep;

37verseand the LORD’s tribute of the sheep was six hundred seventy-five.

38verseThe cattle were thirty-six thousand, of which the LORD’s tribute was seventy-two.

39verseThe donkeys were thirty thousand five hundred, of which the LORD’s tribute was sixty-one.

40verseThe persons were sixteen thousand, of whom the LORD’s tribute was thirty-two persons.

41verseMoses gave the tribute, which was the LORD’s wave offering, to Eleazar the priest, as the LORD commanded Moses.

42verseOf the children of Israel’s half, which Moses divided off from the men who fought

43verse(now the congregation’s half was three hundred thirty-seven thousand five hundred sheep,

44versethirty-six thousand head of cattle,

45versethirty thousand five hundred donkeys,

46verseand sixteen thousand persons),

47verseeven of the children of Israel’s half, Moses took one drawn out of every fifty, both of man and of animal, and gave them to the Levites, who performed the duty of the LORD’s tabernacle, as the LORD commanded Moses.

48verseThe officers who were over the thousands of the army, the captains of thousands, and the captains of hundreds, came near to Moses.

49verseThey said to Moses, “Your servants have taken the sum of the men of war who are under our command, and there lacks not one man of us.

50verseWe have brought the LORD’s offering, what every man found: gold ornaments, armlets, bracelets, signet rings, earrings, and necklaces, to make atonement for our souls before the LORD.”

51verseMoses and Eleazar the priest took their gold, even all worked jewels.

52verseAll the gold of the wave offering that they offered up to the LORD, of the captains of thousands, and of the captains of hundreds, was sixteen thousand seven hundred fifty shekels.

53verseThe men of war had taken booty, every man for himself.

54verseMoses and Eleazar the priest took the gold of the captains of thousands and of hundreds, and brought it into the Tent of Meeting for a memorial for the children of Israel before the LORD.

Moses' Final Encouragement and Joshua's Commissioning (Verses 1–8)

Moses tells the people that he will not cross the Jordan, but the LORD will go before them. Joshua is appointed to lead them, and both the people and Joshua are exhorted to be strong and courageous because the LORD will not abandon them.

Public Reading of the Law (Verses 9–13)

Moses gives the written law to the priests and elders and commands that it be read publicly every seventh year at the Feast of Booths. Men, women, children, and resident foreigners are to hear it, learn it, and pass reverence for the LORD to the next generation.

Future Unfaithfulness and the Witness of the Song (Verses 14–30)

The LORD announces that Israel will later turn away, and Moses is instructed to write a song as a witness. The law is placed beside the ark of the covenant as testimony. This section is sober, but it also shows that God prepares instruction and witness before failure occurs.

Points for Reflection

  • How can communities remain anchored when leadership changes?
  • Why is public, repeated hearing of instruction important for future generations?
  • What does courage look like when the future is uncertain?

Try Applying It to Yourself

  • When facing transition, identify the lasting values or words that should continue guiding you.
  • Consider one way to pass on wisdom, faith, or responsibility to others.

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