Matthew 23

Passage overview

Matthew 23 begins with Jesus publicly rebuking the Pharisees and the experts in the law. This chapter can be divided into three main parts. First, Jesus points out the wrong actions and hypocrisy of the scribes and Pharisees (verses 1–12). Next, he speaks seven rebukes, each starting with “Woe to you,” exposing the reality of their hypocrisy and outward religious appearance—religion that values appearances above faith (verses 13–36). Finally, the chapter ends with words of lament for Jerusalem (verses 37–39).

1verseThen Jesus spoke to the multitudes and to his disciples,

2versesaying, “The scribes and the Pharisees sit on Moses’ seat.

3verseAll things therefore whatever they tell you to observe, observe and do, but don’t do their works; for they say, and don’t do.

4verseFor they bind heavy burdens that are grievous to be borne, and lay them on men’s shoulders; but they themselves will not lift a finger to help them.

5verseBut they do all their works to be seen by men. They make their phylacteries broad and enlarge the fringes of their garments,

6verseand love the place of honor at feasts, the best seats in the synagogues,

7versethe salutations in the marketplaces, and to be called ‘Rabbi, Rabbi’ by men.

8verseBut you are not to be called ‘Rabbi’, for one is your teacher, the Christ, and all of you are brothers.

9verseCall no man on the earth your father, for one is your Father, he who is in heaven.

10verseNeither be called masters, for one is your master, the Christ.

11verseBut he who is greatest among you will be your servant.

12verseWhoever exalts himself will be humbled, and whoever humbles himself will be exalted.

13verse“Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you devour widows’ houses, and as a pretense you make long prayers. Therefore you will receive greater condemnation.

14verse“But woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! Because you shut up the Kingdom of Heaven against men; for you don’t enter in yourselves, neither do you allow those who are entering in to enter.

15verseWoe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you travel around by sea and land to make one proselyte; and when he becomes one, you make him twice as much a son of Gehenna as yourselves.

16verse“Woe to you, you blind guides, who say, ‘Whoever swears by the temple, it is nothing; but whoever swears by the gold of the temple, he is obligated.’

17verseYou blind fools! For which is greater, the gold or the temple that sanctifies the gold?

18verseAnd, ‘Whoever swears by the altar, it is nothing; but whoever swears by the gift that is on it, he is obligated.’

19verseYou blind fools! For which is greater, the gift, or the altar that sanctifies the gift?

20verseHe therefore who swears by the altar, swears by it and by everything on it.

21verseHe who swears by the temple, swears by it and by him who has been living in it.

22verseHe who swears by heaven, swears by the throne of God and by him who sits on it.

23verse“Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you tithe mint, dill, and cumin, and have left undone the weightier matters of the law: justice, mercy, and faith. But you ought to have done these, and not to have left the other undone.

24verseYou blind guides, who strain out a gnat, and swallow a camel!

25verse“Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you clean the outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are full of extortion and unrighteousness.

26verseYou blind Pharisee, first clean the inside of the cup and of the platter, that its outside may become clean also.

27verse“Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you are like whitened tombs, which outwardly appear beautiful, but inwardly are full of dead men’s bones and of all uncleanness.

28verseEven so you also outwardly appear righteous to men, but inwardly you are full of hypocrisy and iniquity.

29verse“Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you build the tombs of the prophets and decorate the tombs of the righteous,

30verseand say, ‘If we had lived in the days of our fathers, we wouldn’t have been partakers with them in the blood of the prophets.’

31verseTherefore you testify to yourselves that you are children of those who killed the prophets.

32verseFill up, then, the measure of your fathers.

33verseYou serpents, you offspring of vipers, how will you escape the judgment of Gehenna?

34verseTherefore, behold, I send to you prophets, wise men, and scribes. Some of them you will kill and crucify; and some of them you will scourge in your synagogues and persecute from city to city,

35versethat on you may come all the righteous blood shed on the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zachariah son of Barachiah, whom you killed between the sanctuary and the altar.

36verseMost certainly I tell you, all these things will come upon this generation.

37verse“Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those who are sent to her! How often I would have gathered your children together, even as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, and you would not!

38verseBehold, your house is left to you desolate.

39verseFor I tell you, you will not see me from now on, until you say, ‘Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!’”

Summary of Key Content

  • A warning about hypocrisy: The scribes and Pharisees teach the law to people, but they display hypocritical behavior in which they do not practice what they teach (verse 3).
  • A posture of true service: Jesus emphasizes that instead of trying to become great and high, one should be humble and serve others (verses 11–12).
  • Seven “woes”: He criticizes the hypocrisy of the Pharisees and scribes, their tendency to focus only on “small things” and miss what is essential, and their religious life that turns away from people.
  • Lament for Jerusalem: He grieves that God tried many times to care for Jerusalem, but the people instead killed the prophets and did not accept the warnings they received.

Overall Meaning and Message

This chapter shows the danger of a life that is obsessed with religious appearance and that reveals one’s own righteousness. Jesus emphasizes that the essence of faith should come not from outward acts, but from inner truthfulness and humility. It reminds us that service, a genuine relationship, and love for God and neighbor are the core of faith.

Points for Reflection

  • I check whether I am living with the essence of faith as my priority, and whether there is any part where I am only taking care of appearances.
  • I think about what kind of life attitude is needed to avoid falling into the “hypocrisy” that Jesus warned about.
  • If I am a leader in faith or hold a position of responsibility, I consider how I can put into practice an attitude of humility and service.

Applying to Myself

  • When I speak or act, I reflect on whether my motivation is true or whether it is meant to be seen by others.
  • I check whether I am serving with humility in the roles or service I have been given, and whether I am considering and loving others.
  • Even amid real-life problems and busyness, I can make a decision to try not to lose sight of the essence of faith (love for God, love for neighbor).